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一 | On August 10, 1961, American forces for the first time spayed Agent Orange in Vietnam as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand.,Here’s a closer look into this highly toxic defoliant chemical, the use of which by the US military during the 1955-1975 Vietnam War resulted in up to one million people being disabled, according to the Red Cross of Vietnam’s estimates.,What is Agent Orange?,The defoliant derived its name from the color of the orange-striped US gallon barrels in which the chemical was shipped and stored.,It was created in 1940 and used in the United States as an agricultural defoliant, as it had the ability to kill some plants while leaving others unaffected.,Using the Defense Production Act of 1950, the US government prodded several American companies to make Agent Orange for military use. A 50:50 mixture of the herbicides 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, the defoliant contains an extremely toxic dioxin compound.,Effects of Agent Orange,A 50:50 mixture of the 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Agent Orange contains the Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, or TCDD, the most toxic of the dioxins, classified as a human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency.,Even short-term exposure to TCDD can cause cancer, liver problems and a severe acne-like skin disease, known as chloracne. The dioxin is also linked to type 2 diabetes, immune system dysfunction, nerve disorders, muscular dysfunction, hormone disruption and heart disease.,Additionally, the chemical can cause miscarriages, spina bifida and other problems with fetal brain and nervous system development.,Use of Agent Orange in Vietnam,During the 1955-1975 Vietnam war, the first US defoliation missions were launched near the Vietnamese village of Dak To in 1961.,The goal was to remove cover and concealment used by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army, so as to reveal hidden bases, communications centers and potential targets, and to improve visibility in tracking troop movements.,More than 13 million gallons (about 59 million liters) of Agent Orange was used by the US military in Vietnam, or almost two-thirds of the total amount of herbicides used during the entire Vietnam War.,The chemical was available in slightly different mixtures, sometimes referred to as Agent Orange I, Agent Orange II, Agent Orange III and “Super Orange”.,End of Agent Orange?,In 1969, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) urged the Pentagon to end its use of herbicides containing dioxin, specifically Agent Orange, something that the Department of Defense (DoD) eventually did.,Even so, the defoliation campaign continued, with the US military switching to Agent White, a chemical herbicide that did not contain the dioxin contaminant.,In May 1970, the US Air Force (USAF) flew its last defoliation mission, and almost a year later, the DoD announced that all crop destruction missions would also cease.,The remaining 2.22 million gallons of Agent Orange were moved by the USAF to Johnston Island Atoll in the South Pacific, where they were incinerated.,Legacy,The Vietnamese government said that up to four million people in the country were exposed to Agent Orange, and as many as three million people had suffered illness because of the defoliant.,The Vietnam Red Cross in turn pointed out that the defoliant had affected at least 150,000 children, and that babies in Vietnam are still being born with birth defects due to Agent Orange. In this regard, numerous studies revealed that dioxin levels are still in place in the blood samples of the citizens of both North and South Vietnam.,The chemical also caused immense environmental damage in Vietnam, with more than 3,100,000 hectares (31,000 km2) of forest being defoliated ( for comparison's sake, Taiwan measures 36,197 km2).,Opinion & AnalysisAnniversary of Agent Orange Disaster: Only United Can We Relieve the Suffering of Many Generations10:21 GMT,Agent Orange-related issues also emerged in the US after an increasing number of returning Vietnam veterans and their families began to report a range of health problems, including skin irritations, miscarriages, psychological symptoms, type 2 diabetes, birth defects in children and cancers such as Hodgkin’s disease, prostate cancer and leukemia.,1979 saw a class action lawsuit filed on behalf of 2.4 million US veterans, who were exposed to Agent Orange during their service in Vietnam. In 1984, seven major US chemical companies that manufactured the defoliant agreed to pay $180 million in damages to the veterans or their next of kin.,Vietnam War,The 1955-1975 Vietnam War, which involved Laos and Cambodia, pitted communist North Vietnam and the Viet Cong revolutionary organization against South Vietnam, supported by Washington.,Preconditions for the war pertained to the desire of North Vietnam, which defeated the French colonial administration in 1954, to unify the entire country under a single communist authority, like in the Soviet Union or China. The South Vietnamese government, for its part, sought to preserve a Vietnam more closely aligned with the West.,The US was concerned over the spread of communism to South Vietnam and then to the rest of Asia, which prompted Washington to end money, supplies and military advisers to help the South Vietnamese government.,On August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese boats attacked a US Navy destroyer, the USS Maddox, patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin near Vietnam, in what was used by the White House as a pretext to escalate the war and send American combat units to the South East Asian country. However, the US costs and casualties in the war prompted Washington to withdraw American troops by 1973, and a couple of years later, South Vietnam fell to a full-scale invasion by the North.,An array of war crimes was committed by the US military during the war, including the My Lai massacre, in which up to 504 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians, including women, children, and infants, were killed by US Army soldiers on March 16, 1968.,Another war crime pertains to Operation Speedy Express, conducted by the US Army in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta between December 1968 and May 1969 as part of the American military’s effort to pacify the Viet Cong. The operation led to 5,000 to 7,000 casualties who were reported to have been civilians.。1月9日，支付宝已经成为我们智能手机的“应用程序”。它可以称为国家钱包。

二 | 有了支付宝，它甚至可以带着手机出国。因为它是“钱包”，所以处理钱是不可避免的。支付宝中这6个小的安全功能可以使您的支付宝账户更安全。你用它吗？1、大额转账提醒，多次验证没有错，一些细心的朋友可能会发现，当有大额转账时，支付宝会有多次提醒。基本上，你会被要求填写对方的姓氏，以确保没有错的人。其次，如果发现对方账户存在风险，则会有风险提示。最后，如果系统被发现是一个高风险的交易，支付宝的风控系统可以直接关闭交易。

三 | 在账户安全方面，支付宝可以被视为一个非专业人员。2、指纹/手势密码。如果您丢失手机，您不必害怕设置指纹/手势密码。即使你丢失了手机证书，你也不必担心支付宝的钱。进入[支付宝]-我的设置-生物识别[指纹/手势]-[指纹/手势解锁]-[启动支付宝]，然后选择指纹或手势密码解锁。3、刷面登录，只有我可以使用除了指纹/手势密码，你可以打开支付宝的刷面登录，会让你在镜头前眨眨眼，一点点，判断你可以打开自己。去支付宝，设置生物特征，点击刷子设置，打开刷子开关，即使你睡着了，支付宝里的钱也是安全的。延迟到达，反欺诈，当您想转移时可以“撤销”，有时会有“延迟到达”功能提示，表示交易可能有风险。

四 | 只要选择“延迟到达”，在24小时内，如果发现交易有风险，立即向支付宝报告，并向派出所报告。一旦警方对这起诈骗案作出裁决，转移案将重新进行。

五 | 但正常的转账可以放心，不必担心对方会突然取款。

六 | 撤销该行为需要上传警方证明。支付宝将取代支付宝终止交易。

七 | 如果没有警察的指示，转移通常会发生。

八 | 反欺诈真相检测程序，关键是识别日常生活中的“虚假信息”，是否收到“银行短信”？QQ朋友发“退款”链接，会有病毒吗？有人打电话来说他的家人是否出了什么事。你要汇款吗？许多短信息、链接和电话都很难辨别真假。如果你不小心点击或相信它们，可能会导致经济损失。除了支付宝的安全防范措施，我们还可以主动识别一些欺诈信息吗？没关系。如果你发现可疑的金融平台，收到未知的消息，未知的电话，网址等，你可以使用支付宝的“反欺诈调查”小程序查询，欺诈信息，一键识别。您可以在支付宝应用首页的搜索框中搜索“反欺诈调查”，输入可疑内容。